Native Chicken Production in Indonesia: a Review

Indonesia is a country rich in native chicken genetic resources. There are 31 native chicken breed in Indonesia. Native chicken farming was developed for decades. In early period of 1907's, mostly farmers reared their native chicken by traditional system (about 80%). In 1980s until now, the number of native chicken farmers which rear native chicken by semi intensive and intensive system have been increasing. These rearing system changing have significantly increased the native chicken productivity. The major constraints for the development of native chicken i.e. low growth rate, risks of high mortality, low egg production. Many research results stated that improving in breeding, feeding and management aspect will increase native chicken production. The information and data contained in this paper is the result of study literature for scientific papers, either in the form of journals, books, or proceedings, and livestock statistics books. This paper is made to support the development of native chickens in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country which have rich in genetic resources, especially in the native chicken genetic resources (Sulandari et al., 2008). Iskandar (2011) stated that in the 1970s, most of the native chicken reared by traditional system (80%), in which each farmer had approximately 30 heads. Since 1980s, Native chicken farms has been increased tremendously, farmers not only rearing their native chicken with traditional rearing Vol 17 (1) system, but also implementing other rearing system (semi intensive and intensive).
Native chicken development in Indonesia is very important. As an animal protein source, native chicken has a significant role to providing more than 200 million Indonesian people requirement for animal protein. This condition gives the opportunity for native chicken stake holders to develop native chicken farms in Indonesia. Politically, the development of native chickens in line with Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla government agenda to achieve food self-sufficiency through controls on imports to food. Currently, the fulfillment of the national requirement to meat and egg chicken are largely sourced from broiler and layer chicken. Whereas seed of these chicken must be imported. According this condition, the development of native chickens as a source of animal protein national requirement is one way to achieve government's agenda in the field of food above. To support the development of local resources as a source of food, the authors try to presents the condition of native chicken productivity in Indonesia and how to develop native chicken production.
The information and data contained in this paper is the result of study literature for scientific papers, either in the form of journals, books, or proceedings, and livestock statistics book. Part to discussed in this paper are the history of native chicken in Indonesia, the types of native chicken in Indonesia, the role of native chicken in Indonesia, the existing condition of native chicken production in Indonesia, and ways to develop native chickens in Indonesia.

History of Indonesian Native Chicken
There are two theories that explain the origins of Indonesian native chicken. The first theory explains that native chicken originated from one ancestor (monophyletic origin). On the other hand, the second theory explains that native chicken come from several ancestors (polyphyletic origin) (Crawford, 1990). Sulandari et al, (2008) revealed that Indonesian native chicken comes from domesticated process of the red jungle fowl. Muladno, (2008) believed that native chicken is historically the result of domestication of four wild chicken species: green wild chicken (Gallus varius), red wild chicken (Gallus gallus), Indian grey wild chicken (Gallus Soneratti) and Ceylon orange wild chicken (Gallus lavayetti). Sulandari et al. (2008) claimed that Indonesia is one of the main centre of chicken domestication in the world. Nataamijaya (2000) reported that there are 31 species (Table 1) native chicken in Indonesia.

The Role of Indonesian Native Chicken
Native chicken have a close relationship with Indonesian people life. In ancient times, native chicken were widely used as part of the Indonesian culture and customs (Sidadalog, 2007). Similarly with other developing countries, for Indonesian small holder farmers, native chicken represents one of the few opportunities for saving, investment and security against risk.
Based on their function, Nataamijaya, 2000 classified the Indonesian native chicken into several potential uses, such as; meat and egg producer, singing chicken, fancy chicken, used for traditional medicine and fighting cock (Table 1). Sartika and Iskandar, (2007) stated that Indonesian native chicken was classified into four functional groups i.e. singing chicken, used in traditional ceremonies , fancy and fighting Cock, meat and egg producer (Table 3).

Native Chicken Condition in Indonesian
Rearing system. Iskandar (2011) revealed that in the 1970s, the most of native chicken reared by traditional system (80%), with each farmer had approximately 30 heads. In the 1980s until now, there are three types of native chicken rearing systems in Indonesia, such as: traditional, semi-intensive and intensive system. Changing of rearing system from traditional to semi intensive or intensive made a better effect on native chicken production.
According to study results, application of intensif rearing system improved productivity of native chicken ( It is flumage is almost thoroughly black with big single comb, the hen lays more eggs than Kampung chicken hen.
Egg and meat producer and fighting/game 13 Sedayu Sedayu Magelang Central Java It has a better size and body weight than Kampung chicken. It is also a good native layer, it is kept as egg producer at first year but after around 2 years production period will be sold as a good meat type native breed.
Egg and meat producer  )DUPHUV ¶ SURILWV ZKHQ VHOOLQJ chicken will be the absolute chicken price minus the day-old chick (DOC) price. The extensive system is thus considered economically beneficial for the farmers since they do not need to spend much money and energy on rearing them. This is the most popular management system in the countryside because most farmers, who are usually uneducated, have no capital or access to financial institutions and no capital to buy feed, supplements, or medicine. This system is considered less suitable for increasing productivity of native chicken, because it is difficult to control their feed consumption. Semi-intensive DOC chicken are housed in an open-fenced area, which resembles a ranch and is usually built in the backyard of the IDUPHU ¶V KRXVH )DUPHUV SURYLGH IHHG DQG GULQN UHJXODUO\ EXW it is not routine medical treatment. In some cases, colony cages are provided to allow chicken to sleep at night; in most cases, there are no cages available and the chicken sleep everywhere on the farm. Theownership of chicken, varies from 25 to several hundred, are usually kept for noncommercial purposes, for urgent and basic needs such as school fees. Almost no technology is applied in this system. Intensive The chicken population is classified on the basis of their life periods into 3 group: the starter (1 day±2 months); the grower (2 months±4.5 months); and the finisher (>4.5 months± sold/slaughter). The chicken are kept in cages in animal houseseither litter or portal system and provided with feed, water, feed supplements and regular medical applications. The production is usually for commercial purposes and is fully business-oriented. Farmers are very experienced and usually have a wide network. Efficiency and productivity in their chicken business is given top consideration. The number of chicken kept varies from hundreds to thousands, depending on financial sources.
According to The Directorate General of Livestock Services (2014), Indonesian native chicken contributes 11.13% of total national meat production of Indonesia. At present, the number of native chicken meat production in Indonesia is 332.100.000 kg (Directorate General of Livestock Services, 2014). Big five provinces which contributing to native chicken meat production persentage in Indonesia were Central Java (13.61%), East Java (11.84%), Jakarta (11.05%), West Java (7.8%), and North Sumatera (5.88%).
In 2014, native chicken egg production contributes 10.8% of total national egg production of Indonesia (Directorate General of Livestock Services, 2014). The latest number of total native chicken egg production in Indonesia was 197.387.000 kg. Similarly with native chicken meat production, native chicken egg production dominantly supplied by Central Java Province (18.50%), East Java (9.53%), and West Java (9.06%). Entirely, Indonesia native chicken egg production by all province showed in Table 6.

Improvement Efforts for Better Performance
Native chicken product has good brand in Indonesian market, so in Indonesia price of native chicken meat is more expensive than broiler meat. It is because the native chicken meat has specific texture, taste that preferred by most Indonesian people. Price of native chicken egg is also more expensive than layer egg. Beside to consumed, native chicken egg also used as part of traditional herbal medi-FLQH FDOOHG ³-DPX´ which is very popular in Indonesia. Nataamijaya, (2000) stated that the major constraints for the development of native chicken is low production performance, such as; low growth rate, resulting in small carcass percentage, low body weight, risks of high mortality to Newcastle disease, low body size and egg size, low hen day (percent) and hen housed (number) egg production, low rate of laying, high in feed cost.

CONCLUSION
In line with the current government vision which want to realize self-sufficiency in food. Development of native chicken is one of answers to this governments dreams. Indonesia is rich in native chicken genetic resources, that why, Indonesia has the opportunity to fulfill the majority requirement for meat and egg chicken. To develop native chicken, there are several constraints; low growth rate, high mortality, and low egg production. Native chicken productivity increased by improving the breeding, feeding, and management practice.